SxS UDF Driver software enables read/write of MXF files recorded in UDF mode on SxS memory card. Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a profile of the specification known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167 and is an open vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660.
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(Redirected from BD-ROM)
Reverse side of a Blu-ray. Unlike CD and DVD, the reflection has a blue hue. | |
Media type | |
---|---|
Encoding | Data encoding: CLV or Zoned CAV pits-and-lands with interleaved error correction code BDMV Video encoding: H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC VC-1H.265 |
Capacity | 25 GB (single-layer) 50 GB (dual-layer) 100/200/300 GB (BDXL) Up to six layers are possible in a standard form BD. |
Blocksize | 2 KB sector,[1] 64 KB ECC-block[2] |
Readmechanism | 195-405 nmdiode laser, 36 Mb/s |
Writemechanism | 405 nm diode laser at a speed of 16× media rate (as of July 2017) |
Developedby | Sony Blu-ray Disc Association[3] |
Dimensions | 120 mm (4.7 in) diameter 1.2 mm thickness[4][note 1] |
Usage | Data storage High-definition video High-resolution audio Stereoscopic 3D PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Xbox One games |
Extendedfrom | DVD |
Extendedto | Archival Disc |
Released | June 20, 2006; 13 years ago |
Optical discs |
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digitaloptical discdata storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, and is capable of storing several hours of video in high-definition (HDTV 720p and 1080p) and ultra high-definition resolution (2160p). The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The name 'Blu-ray' refers to the blue laser (actually a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.
The plastic disc is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter and 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.[5] Conventional or pre-BD-XL Blu-ray discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual-layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple-layer discs (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.[6]
High-definition (HD) video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution (3840×2160 pixels) and at up to 60 frames per second. DVD-Video discs were limited to a maximum resolution of 480p (NTSC, 720×480 pixels) or 576p (PAL, 720×576 pixels).[7] Besides these hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.
The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its official release on June 20, 2006, beginning the high-definition optical disc format war, where Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[8] and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[9] According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand (VOD) and the continued sale of DVDs.[11] Notably, as of January 2016, 44% of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player.[12]
- 1History
- 1.4Future scope and market trends
- 2Physical media
- 2.5Variants
- 3Data format standards
- 3.4Media format
- 3.4.2Codecs
- 3.6Player profiles
- 3.8Digital rights management
- 3.4Media format
- 5Variations
History[edit]
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
Early history[edit]
The information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, allowing for development of a more-dense storage format that could hold higher-definition media. Sony started two projects in collaboration with Panasonic, Philips, and TDK,[13] applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical),[14] and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer),[15] a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE). The core technologies of the formats are similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony.[16] A trademark for the 'Blue Disc' logo was filed February 9, 2001.[17] On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc,[18][19] and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members.
The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10, 2003: the Sony BDZ-S77, a US$3,800 BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan.[20] But there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with digital rights management before they would release movies for the new format, and they wanted a new DRM system that would be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System (CSS) used on DVDs. On October 4, 2004, the name 'Blu-ray Disc Founders' was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.[21] The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004.[22]
In January 2005, TDK announced that they had now developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ('Durabis') for Blu-ray discs; this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD, while technically Blu-ray Disc required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher frequency blue laser.[23] Cartridges, originally used for scratch protection, were no longer necessary and were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[24]
AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[25] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[26] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[27] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer, and Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features, such as managed copy.[28]
Launch and sales developments[edit]
The first BD-ROM players (Samsung BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months.[29][30] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: 50 First Dates, The Fifth Element, Hitch, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, xXx (all Sony), Twister (Warner Bros.), and MGM's The Terminator.[31] The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on standard DVDs. The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC formats were introduced in September 2006.[32] The first movies using 50 GB dual-layer discs were introduced in October 2006.[33] The first audio-only albums were released in May 2008.[34][35]
The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, 2006.[36] It recorded both single and dual-layer BD-Rs as well as BD-REs and had a suggested retail price of US $699. As of June 2008, more than 2,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 3,500 in the United States and Canada.[37] In Japan, as of July 2010, more than 3,300 titles have been released.[38]
Competition from HD DVD[edit]
The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology. In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal, which was endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios. The proposal involved compressing high-definition video onto dual-layer standard DVD-9 discs.[39][40] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition video solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard, Advanced Optical Disc.[41] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[42] after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members—a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice.[43]
HD DVD had a head start in the high-definition video market, as Blu-ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[44]
The appearance of the Sony PlayStation 3, which contained a Blu-ray Disc player for primary storage, helped support Blu-ray.[45] Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format.[46]AVCHD camcorders were also introduced in 2006. These recordings can be played back on many Blu-ray Disc players without re-encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players. By January 2007, Blu-ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs,[47] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one. At CES 2007, Warner proposed Total Hi Def—a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other, but it was never released.
In a June 28, 2007, press release, Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.[48][49]On January 4, 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Bros. (the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format) announced that it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008.[50] This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO—though in Europe, HBO distribution partner, the BBC, announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, with major U.S. retailers such as Best Buy, Walmart, and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores. A then major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its inventory.[51]Netflix and Blockbuster—major DVD rental companies—said they would no longer carry HD DVD.
Following these new developments, on February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices,[52] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical discs. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since its inception, said shortly after Toshiba's announcement: 'While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc.'[53] Paramount Pictures, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios supported Blu-ray.[54]
Future scope and market trends[edit]
According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years (1997–98) compared to 8.3 million high-definition software units (2006–07).[10][55] One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace (26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998).[55] Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft did not make a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360.[56] The 360's successor Xbox One features a Blu-ray drive, as does the PS4, with both supporting 3D Blu-ray after later firmware updates.[57][58]
Shortly after the 'format war' ended, Blu-ray Disc sales began to increase. A study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's Hitman, up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average Blu-ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5%. In December 2008, the Blu-ray Disc version of The Dark Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.[59] A week after the launch, The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide, making it the first Blu-ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release.[60]
Year | Cumulative sales (millions) |
---|---|
2006 | 1.2[61] |
2007 | 19.2[61] |
2008 | 82.9[61] |
2009 | 177.2[61] |
2010 | 350[62] |
According to Singulus Technologies AG, Blu-ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development. This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer machines during the first quarter of 2008, while 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997.[63] According to GfK Retail and Technology, in the first week of November 2008, sales of Blu-ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan.[64] According to the Digital Entertainment Group, the number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) sold in the U.S. had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010.[62]
Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand[65] and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device, such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney's Keychest.[66] Some commentators have suggested that renting Blu-ray will play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward.[67] In an effort to increase sales, studios are releasing movies in combo packs with Blu-ray Discs and DVDs as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices. Some are released on 'flipper' discs with Blu-ray on one side and DVD on the other. Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu-ray Discs and none on DVDs.
Beyond Blu-ray Disc[edit]
Blu-ray case—often blue-colored
The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD), described in the ECMA-377 standard, has been in development by The Holography System Development (HSD) Forum using a green writing/reading laser (532 nm) and a red positioning/addressing laser (650 nm). It is to offer MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), HEVC (H.265), and VC-1 encoding, supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6TB.[68] No systems corresponding to the Ecma International HVD standard have been released.[69] Because the Blu-ray Disc format is upgradable it poses challenges to the adoption of the HVD format. 4K Blu-ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016, having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB.[70][71]
Ongoing development[edit]
Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu-ray Disc
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology. By 2005, quad-layer (128 GB) discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics[72] and standard unaltered optics.[73] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit/s video (ultra-high-definition television). In August 2006, TDK announced that they had created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[74]
Also, behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a high-definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to ten layers, which increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current read/write technology does not allow additional layers.[75]JVC has developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/(standard) DVD combination.[76] This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player.[77] Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first 'hybrid' Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be released February 18, 2009. This disc set of the TV series 'Code Blue' featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu-ray Disc layer (25 GB) and two DVD layers (9 GB) on the same side of the disc.[78]
In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each.[79] Unlike TDK's and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives.[80]In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update. Its planned launch was in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs. Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 TB Blu-ray Disc.[81]
At CES 2009, Panasonic unveiled the DMP-B15, the first portable Blu-ray Disc player, and Sharp introduced the LC-BD60U and LC-BD80U series, the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc players. Sharp has also announced that they will sell HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009. Set-top box recorders were not being sold in the U.S. for fear of unauthorized copying. However, personal computers with Blu-ray recorder drives were available. On January 1, 2010, Sony, in association with Panasonic, announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu-ray Discs from 25 GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i-MLSE (Maximum likelihood Sequence Estimation). The higher-capacity discs, according to Sony, would be readable on existing Blu-ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade.[82] This technology is later used on BDXL discs.[83]
On July 20, 2010, the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue-violet laser,[84] to help create Blu-ray discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers (and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering). By comparison, the first blue laser was invented in 1996, with the first prototype discs coming four years later.
Early 4K Blu-ray release at Best Buy. A 4K Blu-ray Disc player was also released.
On January 7, 2013, Sony announced that it would release 'Mastered in 4K' Blu-ray Disc titles which are sourced at 4K and encoded at 1080p.[85] 'Mastered in 4K' Blu-ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu-ray Disc players and have a larger color space using xvYCC.[85][86] On January 14, 2013, Blu-ray Disc Association president, Andy Parsons, stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu-ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K Ultra HD video.[87][88]
On August 5, 2015, The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) announced it will commence licensing the Ultra HD Blu-ray format starting August 24, 2015. The Ultra HD Blu-ray format delivered high dynamic range content that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements, expanded color range, high frame rate (up to 60fps) and up to 3840×2160 resolution, object-based sound formats, and an optional 'digital bridge' feature. New players were required to play this format, which were able to play both DVDs, traditional Blu-rays and the new format. New Ultra HD Blu-ray discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual- and triple-layer discs, respectively.[89]
Physical media[edit]
Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
Comparison of various optical storage media
Type | Diameter (cm) | Layers | Capacity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bytes | ||||||
Standard disc size, single layer | 12 | 1 | 25,025,314,816 | |||
Standard disc size, dual layer | 12 | 2 | 50,050,629,632 | |||
Standard disc size, XL 3 layer[90] | 12 | 3 | 100,103,356,416 | |||
Standard disc size, XL 4 layer[90] | 12 | 4 | 128,001,769,472 | |||
Mini disc size, single layer | 8 | 1 | 7,791,181,824 | |||
Mini disc size, dual layer | 8 | 2 | 15,582,363,648 |
Laser and optics[edit]
While a DVD uses a 650 nm red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm 'blue' laser diode. Although the laser is called 'blue', its color is actually in the violet range. The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area, thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD, and can consequently be spaced more closely, resulting in a shorter track pitch, enabling a Blu-ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD. The lasers are GaN (gallium nitride) laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly, that is, without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms.[91]CDs use 780 nm near-infrared lasers.
The minimum 'spot size' on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot, which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area.[92] For a Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[93] This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu-ray Disc, and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm.[92] See compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored.[94]
Hard-coating technology[edit]
Since the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD standard, it was more vulnerable to scratches in early designs.[95] The first discs were therefore housed in cartridges for protection, resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003. Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium, so designers chose hard-coating of the pickup surface instead. TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch-protection coating for Blu-ray Discs, naming it Durabis. In addition, both Sony's and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are spin-coated, using a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Discs use their own proprietary technology, called Hard Coat.[96]
The Blu-ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by mechanical abrasion.[92] In contrast, DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology, some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs.
Drive speeds[edit]
Drive speed | Data rate | ~Write time (minutes) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mbit/s | MB/s | Single-Layer | Dual-Layer | |
1× | 36 | 4.5 | 90 | 180 |
2× | 72 | 9 | 45 | 90 |
4× | 144 | 18 | 22.5 | 45 |
6× | 216 | 27 | 15 | 30 |
8× | 288 | 36 | 11.25 | 22.5 |
10× | 360 | 45 | 9 | 18 |
12× | 432 | 54 | 7.5 | 15 |
14× | 504 | 63 | 6.5 | 13 |
16× | 576 | 72 | 5.7 | 11.5 |
The table shows the speeds available. Even the lowest speed (1×) is sufficient to play and record real-time 1080p video; the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video. BD discs are designed to cope with at least 5000rpm of rotational speed.
The usable data rate of a Blu-ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive's data interface. With a USB 2.0 interface, the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 Mbit/s or 36 MB/s (also called 8× speed).[97] A USB 3.0 interface (with proper cabling) does not have this limitation,[98] nor do even the oldest version of Serial ATA (SATA, 150 MB/s)[99] nor the latest Parallel ATA (133 MB/s) standards. Blu-ray drives that are integrated into a computer (as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable) typically have a SATA interface.[100]
Packaging[edit]
Pre-recorded Blu-ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller (18.5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner: 135 mm × 171.5 mm × 13 mm[101]), as well as more rounded than a standard DVDkeep case, generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case (translucent blue for Blu-ray video discs, clear for Blu-ray 3D video releases, red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games, transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games, transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 games, transparent green for Xbox One games and black for Ultra HD Blu-ray video releases). Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group, LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu-ray versus HD DVD market adoption choice.[102] Because of the fact that Blu-ray cases are smaller than DVD cases, more Blu-Rays than DVDs can fit on a shelf, making Blu-ray an arguably better choice for situations with limited storage space.
Variants[edit]
Mini Blu-ray Disc[edit]
The 'Mini Blu-ray Disc' (also, 'Mini-BD' and 'Mini Blu-ray') is a compact 8-centimetre-diameter (~3 in) variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store 7.8 GB of data in its single layer configuration, or 15.6 GB on a dual layer disc.[103] It is similar in concept to the MiniDVD and MiniCD. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices.[104]
Blu-ray Disc recordable[edit]
'Blu-ray Disc recordable' (BD-R) refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-REs) can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12× (54 MB/s).[105](1.7) Higher speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly,[citation needed] as with the 20× (27.7 MB/s) and 52× (7.8 MB/s) maximum speeds, respectively, of standard DVDs and CDs. Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.[104][106]
On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ('Low to High' in groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.[107] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first BD-R LTH Discs,[108] and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[109] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.[110] Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e. CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut.
BD9 and BD5[edit]
The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu-ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost-effective alternative to the 25/50 GB BD-ROM discs. The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD. This red-laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25/50 GB Blu-ray media.[111]
Usage of BD9 for releasing content on 'pressed' discs never caught on. With the end of the format war, manufacturers ramped production of Blu-ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs. On the other hand, the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users. A lower-capacity version of this format that uses single-layer 4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5. Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high-definition content in Blu-ray format onto recordable DVD media.[112][113] Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD-ROM basic format, none of the existing Blu-ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it. Consequently, the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu-ray Disc players. AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates. As of March 2011, BD9 was removed as an official BD-ROM disc.[114]
BDXL[edit]
100 GB BDXL triple-layer disc by Sharp
The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write-once discs,[115][116] and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications. It was defined in June 2010.[citation needed] BD-R 3.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100/128 GB and usage of UDF2.5/2.6.[117] BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.[118]
IH-BD[edit]
The IH-BD (Intra-Hybrid Blu-ray) format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer (BD-RE) and a 25 GB write-once layer (BD-ROM), designed to work with existing Blu-ray Discs.[115][116]
Data format standards[edit]
Filesystem[edit]
Blu-ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.50 as a convergent-friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments. It is used in the latest specifications of BD-ROM, BD-RE, and BD-R.[119][120][121] In the first BD-RE specification (defined in 2002), the BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File System) was used. The BD-RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for the digital recording of high-definition television (HDTV) broadcast television. The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005, in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu-ray recorders and personal computer systems. These optical disc recording technologies enabled PC recording and playback of BD-RE.[121][122][123] BD-R can use UDF 2.50/2.60.[124]
The Blu-ray Disc application for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed as System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications (BDAV). The requirements related with computer file system have been specified in System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (BDFS).[125] Initially, the BD-RE version 1.0 (BDFS) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application). But these requirements are superseded by the Blu-ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. RE 2.0) and Blu-ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. R 1.0). Additionally, a new application format, BDMV (System Description Blu-ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD-ROM. The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu-ray Read-Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.50.[121][125]
Application format[edit]
- BDAV or BD-AV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual):[121][125][126][127] a consumer-oriented Blu-ray video format used for audio/video recording (defined in 2002).
- BDMV or BD-MV (Blu-ray Disc Movie):[119][120][121][125][127][128] a Blu-ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases.
- BDMV Recording specification (defined in September 2006 for BD-RE and BD-R).[120][129]
- RREF (Realtime Recording and Editing Format): a subset of BDMV designed for real-time recording and editing applications.[129]
- HFPA (High Fidelity Pure Audio): A high definition audio disc using the Blu-ray format
Directory and file structure[edit]
All BDMV application files are stored under a 'BDMV' directory.[130][131][132][133]
- BDMV directory: contains the PLAYLIST, CLIPINF, STREAM, AUXDATA and BACKUP directories.
- PLAYLIST directory: contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists.
- xxxxx.mpls files: store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists. One file is created for each Movie PlayList. The filenames of these files are in the form 'xxxxx.mpls', where 'xxxxx' is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList.
- CLIPINF directory: contains the Database files for Clips.
- zzzzz.clpi files: store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file. The filenames of these files are in the form 'zzzzz.clpi', where 'zzzzz' is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip.
- STREAM directory: contains AV stream files.
- zzzzz.m2ts file: contains a BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream. The names of these files are in the form 'zzzzz.m2ts', where 'zzzzz' is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip. The same 5-digit number 'zzzzz' is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file.
- SSIF directory: If used, Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory.
- zzzzz.ssif file: is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG-2 transport streams. Both of the streams include an MPEG-4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively. This file is used only when 3D video is played back. The 5-digit number 'zzzzz' is the same as the number used for the AV stream file 'zzzzz.m2ts' that includes the MPEG-4 MVC Base view video stream.
- AUXDATA directory: contains Sound data files and Font files.
- sound.bdmv file: stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications. This file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory. If it exists, there shall be only one sound.bdmv file.
- aaaaa.otf file: stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications. The names of these files are in the form 'aaaaa.otf', where 'aaaaa' is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Font.
- BACKUP directory: contains copies of the 'index.bdmv' file, the 'MovieObject.bdmv' file, all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in the CLIPINF directory.
- index.bdmv file: stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory. There is only one index.bdmv file under the BDMV directory.
- MovieObject.bdmv file: stores information for one or more Movie Objects. There is only one MovieObject.bdmv under the BDMV directory.
- PLAYLIST directory: contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists.
Media format[edit]
Container format[edit]
Audio, video, and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu-ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream. It is also known as BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream and can use filename extension .m2ts.[130][134] Blu-ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other streams in BDAV container.[135][136] There is also the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) format, the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases. The BDAV format is used on BD-REs and BD-Rs for audio/video recording.[136] BDMV format was later defined also for BD-RE and BD-R (in September 2006, in the third revision of BD-RE specification and second revision of BD-R specification).[119][120]
Blu-ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method. That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast, without altering the format.[137] It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream. Although it is quite natural, a function for high-speed and easy-to-use retrieval is built in.[137][138] Blu-ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams, compared to DVD's MPEG program streams. An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams, so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously (e.g. with 'picture-in-picture' effect).
Codecs[edit]
The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and movie software (content).[134][139]Windows Media Player does not come with the codecs required to play Blu-ray discs.[140]
Video[edit]
Originally BD-ROMs stored video up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) fields per second. Currently with UHD BD-ROM videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840×2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) frames per second, progressively scanned. While most current Blu-ray players and recorders can read and write 1920×1080 video at the full 59.94p and 50p progressive format, new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840×2160 video at either 59.94p and 50p formats.
Format | Resolution and frame rate | Display aspect ratio |
---|---|---|
4K UHD[a] | 3840×2160 60p | 16:9 |
3840×2160 59.94p | 16:9 | |
3840×2160 50p | 16:9 | |
3840×2160 25p | 16:9 | |
3840×2160 24p | 16:9 | |
3840×2160 23.976p | 16:9 | |
HD[a] | 1920×1080 60p | 16:9 |
1920×1080 59.94p | 16:9 | |
1920×1080 50p | 16:9 | |
1920×1080 25p | 16:9 | |
HD | 1920×1080 59.94i[b] | 16:9 |
1920×1080 50i[b] | 16:9 | |
1920×1080 24p | 16:9 | |
1920×1080 23.976p | 16:9 | |
1440×1080 59.94i[b][c] | 16:9[d] | |
1440×1080 50i[b][c] | 16:9[d] | |
1440×1080 24p[c] | 16:9[d] | |
1440×1080 23.976p[c] | 16:9[d] | |
1280×720 59.94p | 16:9 | |
1280×720 50p | 16:9 | |
1280×720 24p | 16:9 | |
1280×720 23.976p | 16:9 | |
SD | 720×480 59.94i[b] | 4:3 or 16:9[d] |
720×576 50i[b] | 4:3 or 16:9[d] |
^ a Only supported on UltraHD Blu-Ray with HEVC video compression standard.
^ b Interlaced formats are listed in fields per second.
^ c MPEG-2 at 1440×1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005.[143]
^ d These resolutions are stored anamorphically, i.e. they are stretched to the display aspect ratio by the player or display.
^ b Interlaced formats are listed in fields per second.
^ c MPEG-2 at 1440×1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005.[143]
^ d These resolutions are stored anamorphically, i.e. they are stretched to the display aspect ratio by the player or display.
For video, all players are required to process H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10: AVC, and SMPTEVC-1.[144] BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats; multiple formats on a single title are allowed. Blu-ray Disc allows video with a bit depth of 8-bits per color YCbCr with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.[145][146] The choice of formats affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs as well as the title's maximum run time, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The more-advanced video formats (VC-1 and MPEG-4 AVC) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.
MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including Paramount Pictures, which initially used the VC-1 format for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched throughout 2006.[147] Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p), as opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios, such as Warner Bros., have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title. For example, the Blu-ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for some of its bonus content.[148] Today, Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature.
Audio[edit]
For audio, BD-ROM players are required to implement Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS, and linear PCM. Players may optionally implement Dolby Digital Plus and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio as well as lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.[149] BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.
LPCM (uncompressed) | Dolby Digital | Dolby Digital Plus | Dolby TrueHD (lossless) | DTS Digital Surround | DTS-HD Master Audio (lossless) | DRA | DRA extension | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max. bitrate | 27.648 Mbit/s | 640 kbit/s | 4.736 Mbit/s | 18.64 Mbit/s | 1.524 Mbit/s | 24.5 Mbit/s | 1.5 Mbit/s | 3.0 Mbit/s |
Max. channel | 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) | 5.1 | 7.1 | 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) | 5.1 | 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) | 5.1 | 7.1 |
Bits/sample | 16, 20, 24 | 16, 24 | 16, 24 | 16, 24 | 16, 20, 24 | 16, 24 | 16 | 16 |
Sample frequency | 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz | 48 kHz | 48 kHz | 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz | 48 kHz | 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz | 48 kHz | 48 kHz, 96 kHz |
Bit rate[edit]
For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source (IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies, which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.[151]
Java software interface[edit]
At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard.[152] Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD-video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless. At the conference, Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine, as well as network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time.[153] This Java Version is called BD-J and is built on a profile of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard; GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.
Player profiles[edit]
The BD-ROM specification defines four Blu-ray Disc player profiles, including an audio-only player profile (BD-Audio) that does not require video decoding or BD-J. All of the video-based player profiles (BD-Video) are required to have a full implementation of BD-J.
Feature | BD-Audio | BD-Video | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grace Period[d] | Bonus View | BD-Live[e] | Blu-ray 3D | ||
Profile 3.0[c] | Profile 1.0 | Profile 1.1 | Profile 2.0 | Profile 5.0 | |
Built-in persistent memory | Unneeded | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB? |
Local storage capability[a] | Unneeded | Optional | 256 MB | 1 GB | 1 GB |
Secondary video decoder (PiP) | No video | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory | Mandatory |
Secondary audio decoder[b] | Optional | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory | Mandatory |
Virtual file system | Unneeded | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory | Mandatory |
Internet connection capability | No | No | No | Mandatory | Mandatory |
^ a This is used for storing audio/video and title updates. It can either be built-in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or USB flash memory.
^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary.
^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti, by record label Lindberg Lyd, and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3.[154][155]
^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile.
^ e Also known as Final Standard profile.
^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary.
^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti, by record label Lindberg Lyd, and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3.[154][155]
^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile.
^ e Also known as Final Standard profile.
On November 2, 2007, the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD-Video players released to the market.[156] When Blu-ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD-Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0 players, it is able to play the main feature of the disc, but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability.[157]
BD-Live[edit]
The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD-Live is that BD-Live requires the Blu-ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet-based content. BD-Live features have included Internet chats, scheduled chats with the director, Internet games, downloadable featurettes, downloadable quizzes, and downloadable movie trailers.[158][159][160] While some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port, it is used for firmware updates and is not used for Internet-based content.[161] In addition, Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content.
Profile 1.0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD-Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades, with the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3. Internet is required to use.[162][163][164]
Region codes[edit]
Regions for the Blu-ray Disc standard:[165] Region B/2
As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, television production company etc.) to enact regional price discrimination and/or exclusivecontent licensing. According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, all Blu-ray Disc players and Blu-ray Disc-equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding. However, content providers need not use region playback codes.[166] Some current estimates suggest 70% of available [movie] Blu-ray Discs from the major studios are region-free and can, therefore, be played on any Blu-ray Disc player, in any region.[167]
Movie distributors have different region coding policies. Among major U.S. studios, Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Sony Pictures have released most of their titles region-free.[168][169][170][171][172][173]MGM and Lions Gate Entertainment have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles.[174][175]20th Century Fox released most of their titles region-coded.[176] Vintage film restoration and distribution company The Criterion Collection uses US region coding in all Blu-ray releases, with their releases in the UK market using UK region coding.[177][178]
The Blu-ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into three regions, labeled A, B, and C.
Region code | Area |
---|---|
A | The Americas and their dependencies, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia; excludes instances that fall under Region C |
B | Africa, Middle East, Southwest Asia, most of Europe, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and their dependencies; excludes instances that fall under Region C |
C | Central Asia, mainland China, Mongolia, Indian Subcontinent,Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and their dependencies |
FREE | Informal term meaning 'worldwide'. Region free is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set. Discs with no flags set may not play in some non-compliant players. |
ABC |
In circumvention of region coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray Discs (and DVDs) with any region code.[179] Instructions ('hacks') describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray region codes are verified only by the player software, not by the optical drive's firmware.
The latest types of Blu-Ray players, suitable for UltraHD content, are region-free.[180]
Digital rights management[edit]
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management (DRM) which restrict the usage of the discs.[181][182] This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM, such as the Free Software Foundation,[183] and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback.[184][185]
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection[edit]
Blu-ray equipment is required to implement the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections. This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables. Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token (ICT), a Blu-ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP-compliant link is not used. In order to ease the transition to high definition formats, the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011.[186]
Advanced Access Content System[edit]
The AACS decryption process
The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on it. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in newer releases,[187] this is only a temporary attack, and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs.
BD+[edit]
BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-Protecting Digital Content.[188] BD+, effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:[181]
- Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
- Verify that the player's keys have not been changed
- Execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system
- Transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it.
If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.[189] The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD+ website.
The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007. Since November 2007, versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program.[190][191] Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD (versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software),[192]MakeMKV,[193] and two applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter[194]).
BD-ROM Mark[edit]
BD-ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu-ray Disc data, aiming to prevent replication of the discs. The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS.[195] A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM Mark into the media during mastering. During replication, this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc. In consequence, any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players.
Backward compatibility[edit]
The Blu-ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu-ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs, for backward compatibility.[196] Most Blu-ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs; however, a few of the early Blu-ray Disc players released in 2006, such as the Sony BDP-S1, could play DVDs but not CDs.[197][198][199] In addition, Blu-ray players cannot play HD DVDs, and HD DVD players cannot play Blu-ray discs. Some Blu-ray players can also play Video CDs, and all 4K Blu-ray players can play regular Blu-ray Discs, and most can play DVDs and CDs. The PlayStation 4 does not support CDs.
Variations[edit]
High Fidelity Pure Audio (BD-A)[edit]
High Fidelity Pure Audio (HFPA) is a marketing initiative, spearheaded by the Universal Music Group, for audio-only Blu-ray optical discs. Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the compact disc, it has been compared with DVD-A and SACD, which had similar aims.
AVCHD[edit]
A Panasonic Blu-Ray player DMP-BD60 (late 2009) compatible with AVCHD
AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapelesscamcorders. Derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, AVCHD shares a similar random access directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates, simpler interactivity, and the use of AVC-video and Dolby AC-3 (or linear PCM) audio. Being primarily an acquisition format, AVCHD playback is not recognized by all devices that play Blu-ray Disc. Nevertheless, many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media, such as DVDs, SD/SDHC memory cards, 'Memory Stick' cards, and hard disk drives.[200]
AVCREC[edit]
AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs.[201] Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan. AVCREC is used primarily in set-top digital video recorders and in this regard is comparable to HD REC.
Blu-ray 3D[edit]
The Blu-ray 3D logo
The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu-ray Disc.[202] On December 17, 2009, the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu-ray Disc, allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray players,[203] though the compatibility is limited by the fact that the longer 3D discs are triple layer which normal (2D only) players cannot read. The BDA has said, 'The Blu-ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the 'Stereo High' profile defined by Multiview Video Coding (MVC), an extension to the ITU-T H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) codec currently implemented by all Blu-ray Disc players. MPEG4-MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content, and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc players.'[204] This means the MVC (3D) stream is backward compatible with H.264/AVC (2D) stream, allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams, ignoring additional information for the second view. However, triple layer 3D discs often have a user limitation set preventing the disc from being viewed in 2D (though a 2D disc is often included in the packaging).
Sony added Blu-ray 3D support to its PlayStation 3 console via a firmware upgrade on 21 September 2010.[205] The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on 21 April 2010.[206] Since the version 3.70 software update on August 9, 2011, the PlayStation 3 can play DTS-HD Master Audio and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu-ray.[207]Dolby TrueHD is used on a small minority of Blu-ray 3D releases, and bitstreaming implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only (original 'fat' PS3 models decode internally and send audio as LPCM).[208] As of 2018, most major home entertainment studios, such as Walt Disney Studios, Sony Pictures, etc. have discontinued the Blu-ray 3D format in North America and other regions.
Ultra HD Blu-ray[edit]
Ultra HD Blu-ray is a new disc format, incompatible with existing Blu-ray Disc players, that supports 60fps 4KUHD video encoded in HEVC with 10-bit HDR and a wider color gamut.
See also[edit]
Udf Driver Download
- Comparison of video player software: Optical media ability, for a list of software BD video players
- Digital 3D and 3D television
Notes[edit]
- ^This is the same as previous optical media formats compact disc and DVD. Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article.
References[edit]
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- ^'Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype'. CD R Info. October 11, 2000. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Blue Disc B — Trademark by Blu-ray Disc Association Universal City, CA — Serial Number: 76207670'. Trademarkia. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Fox, Barry (February 19, 2002). 'Replacement for DVD unveiled'. New Scientist. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Disclosure of Specifications for Large Capacity Optical Disc Recording Format Utilizing Blue-Violet Laser 'Blu-ray Disc' Begins'. Sony. May 20, 2002. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Liadov, Maxim. 'Sony BDZ-S77 Recorder Review'. Pricenfees. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Fox trots towards Blu-ray'. ITworld. October 4, 2002. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Williams, Martyn (August 5, 2004). 'New Blu-ray Details Emerge'. PCWorld. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-ray Discs a Reality'. Phys.Org. January 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Smith, Tony (January 6, 2006). 'Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification'. The Register. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Dean, Katie (July 15, 2004). 'Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates?'. Wired. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Williams, Martyn (December 14, 2005). 'Toshiba Hints at HD DVD Delay'. PCWorld. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Morris, Craig (February 14, 2006). 'AACS copy protection for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD delayed again'. Heise. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^Perenson, Melissa J. (March 21, 2006). 'Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players'. PCWorld. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan'. foxnews.com. March 31, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Costa, Dan (June 15, 2006). 'Samsung Ships the First Blu-ray Player'. PCMag.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Sony Rearranges Blu-ray Release ScheduleArchived June 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. High-Def Digest, June 15, 2006.
- ^Full Specs in for Warner's September 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?Archived September 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, August 30, 2006.
- ^Bracke, Peter M. (October 10, 2006). 'Click: Blu-ray Disc review'. High-Def Digest. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Trondheimsolistene – in folk styleArchived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, 2L the Nordic sound website May 2008, Trondheim Soloists Wiki
- ^HTForum web review, Ghosts I-IV Deluxe Edition Package (HALO Twenty Six DE)Archived August 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine NIN order site May 1, 2008 Ghosts I-IV Wiki
- ^'Sony Unveils First Blu-Ray Disc Drive Burner'. Sony. July 18, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Now Available'. Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan'. AV Watch. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Yoshida, Junko (March 1, 2002). 'Picture's fuzzy for DVD'. EE Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Yoshida, Junko (December 12, 2001). 'Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder'. EE Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved October 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage'. PCWorld. August 29, 2002. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format'. The Inquirer. Incisive Financial Publishing Limited. November 28, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Sweeting, Paul (July 6, 2007). 'Opinion: Trust's worth'. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^Katzmaier, David (June 30, 2006). 'Samsung BD-P1000 Review'. CNET. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2008). 'Blu-ray Wins — Telegraph'. London: The Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Smale, Will (February 19, 2008). 'How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph'. BBC News. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Prange, Stephanie (February 23, 2007). 'Blu-ray Tips Scales'. Home Media Magazine. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'BD+ Technologies Launches Content Protection Licensing Program'. BD+ Technologies, LLC. June 28, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Singel, Ryan (February 26, 2008). 'How Crypto Won the DVD War'. Wired. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Carnoy, David. 'Warner goes Blu-ray exclusively, delivering crushing blow to HD DVD'. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Bangeman, Eric (January 29, 2008). 'Consumers, analysts, retailers give HD DVD the cold shoulder'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Toshiba drops out of the HD DVD war'. BBC News. February 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 23, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Wallace, Bruce (February 20, 2008). 'Blu-ray winner by KO in high-definition war'. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^'All Hollywood studios now lined up behind Blu-Ray'. Reuters (the Hollywood Reporter). February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^ abGallagher, Brian (February 20, 2008). 'High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years'. MovieWeb. Watchr Media. Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Ricciuti, Mike (March 18, 2008). 'Report: Microsoft says no Blu-ray for Xbox 360'. CNET. Retrieved March 31, 2008.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^Lawler, Richard (July 23, 2014). 'PS4 will add Blu-ray 3D support next week'. Engadget. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Lawler, Richard (July 23, 2014). 'Xbox One's next update makes it easier to keep up with friends, and play Blu-ray 3D'. Engadget.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Tops 600K On Release Day'. High-Def Digest. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^'Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Blu-ray Breaks 1M First-Week Barrier'. High-Def Digest. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^ abcd'DEG Year-end 2009 Home Entertainment Report'(PDF). The Digital Entertainment Group. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 16, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^ ab'DEG Year-end 2010 Home Entertainment Report'(PDF). The Digital Entertainment Group. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 5, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray is Being Adopted Much Faster Than DVD 11 Years Ago'. InfoNIAC.com. June 9, 2008. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Shilov, Anton (December 10, 2008). 'Sales of Blu-ray Disc Recorders Leave Behind Sales of DVD Recorders in Japan'. xbitlabs.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^Richtel, Matt; Stone, Brad (January 5, 2009). 'Blu-ray's Fuzzy Future'. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Ryan Nakashima. Hollywood hopes an ensemble cast boosts Blu-rayArchived December 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
- ^Kukiewicz, Julia (January 7, 2009). 'U.S. Which UK DVD Rental Sites Offer Blu-Ray Rental?'. choosedvdrental.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'What's New'. August 23, 2004. Archived from the original on October 9, 2004. Retrieved October 9, 2004.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Maxell focuses on holographic storage'. CNET News.com. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Wilcox, James K. (October 9, 2015). 'Ultra HD Blu-ray Players Probably Won't Arrive Until 2016'. Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Welch, Chris (November 11, 2015). 'The first 4K Blu-rays are coming early next year, but they all really suck'. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'TDK Announces 100GB Blue Laser Disc Technology'. TDK. 2005. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-ray Disc Playback'. cdrinfo.xom. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'TDK Announces Blue Laser Disc Technology to Support 200 GB Capacity' (Press release). TDK. August 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Yam, Marcus (January 10, 2007). 'Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow'. DailyTech. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Kallender, Paul. 'JVC Develops Dual Blu-ray-DVD Disc'. IDG News Service. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2004.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology'. 2006. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2006.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^Lim, Daniel (December 19, 2008). 'World's first hybrid Blu-ray / DVD disk title released in Japan'. Slashgear.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Harada, Mamoru (January 11, 2007). 'Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive''. Techon.nikkebp.co.jp. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Turton, Stuart (October 3, 2007). 'Hitachi showcases 100GB Blu-Ray disc'. PC Pro. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Hwang, Adam; Taipei, Jimmy Hsu (December 1, 2008). 'Pioneer showcases 16-layer 400GB optical disc'. Digitimes.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^Dreuth, Josh (January 4, 2010). 'FSony, Panasonic Propose Blu-ray Capacity Increase'. Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'BD-R white paper, 5th ed, Oct 2010'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Joint development of the world's first blue-violet ultrafast pulsed semiconductor laser'. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abRichard Lawler (January 7, 2013). 'Sony to launch 4K digital distribution network this summer, 'mastered in 4K' Blu-ray discs'. Engadget. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Seamus Byrne (May 1, 2013). 'Sony 'mastered in 4K' Blu-rays a mixed blessing'. CNET. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Melissa J. Perenson (January 14, 2013). 'Blu-ray looks ahead to 4K'. PC World. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^Gareth Halfacree (January 16, 2013). 'Ultra HD Blu-ray discs being researched by the BDA'. expertreviews.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite news requires|newspaper=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Association to Commence Licensing of Ultra HD Blu-ray'. Business Wire. [email protected]. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^ ab'9. Disc Capacity'. hughsnews.ca. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^3. Laser Diodes for Blu-ray DiscsArchived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Sony, says Blu-ray Disc laser diodes use GaN
- ^ abc'White paper, Blu-ray Disc, 1.C Physical Format Specifications for BD-ROM, 5th Edition'(PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. March 2007. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Singla, Naveen; O’Sullivan, Joseph A. 'Influence of Pit-Shape Variation on the Decoding Performance for Two-Dimensional Optical Storage (TwoDOS)'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Cai, Kui (2007). 'Introduction'. Design and Analysis of Parity-Check-Code-Based Optical Recording Systems(PDF) (Thesis). pp. 1–16. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, General'(PDF). Blu-ray Disc Founders. August 2004. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blank Blu-ray Media: Blu ray Recordable (BD-R, BD-R LTH) / Rewritable (BD-RE) Discs, Blu-ray DVD'. Verbatim. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'USB 2.0, Hi-Speed USB FAQ'. Everythingusb.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'SuperSpeed USB 3.0 FAQ'. Everythingusb.com. November 17, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment'(PDF). www.serialata.org. Serial ATA Working Group. January 7, 2003. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'How To Install A Blu-ray Burner'. ComputerShopper.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Case Information'. cd-info.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Case Patent'. cd-info.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc – The Scoop'. Acronova Technologies Inc. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ ab'Verbatim to Launch World's First Mini BD Media'. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-Ray FAQ'. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Hitachi First in Industry to Release Blu-ray Disc CamcorderArchived August 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Naoki Asakawa, Nikkei Electronics, Nikkei Business Publications, August 3, 2007.
- ^'Pioneer and Mitsubishi Develop Low cost BD-R Discs Using Organic Recording Layers'. CDRInfo.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi and Maxell Release First LTH BD-R DiscsArchived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine cdrinfo.com
- ^PS3 firmware update v2.20 available – added support for LTH BD-RArchived March 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine afterdawn.com
- ^Verbatim/MKM certified BD-R LTH type media makes performance leap to 6X reuters.com
- ^'BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners'. cdrinfo.com. April 11, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'Quick Blu-ray content (BD, BD-5 and BD-9) authoring guide (PS3+PowerDVD)'. Archived from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring'. Archived from the original on July 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format General, 3rd Edition'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ ab'BDXL Spec Upgrades Blu-ray Storage to 128GB'. April 6, 2010. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abMcGlaun, Shane (April 6, 2010). 'Blu-ray Disc Association Unveils 128GB Specification'. DailyTech.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^'R3 Format Specification (BDXL)'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'RE4 Format Specification (BDXL)'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abc'R2 Format Specification'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abcd'RE3 Format Specification'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abcde'Blu-ray: All Books: As of December 2009'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'RE1 Format Specification'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'RE2 Format Specification'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'R3 Format Specification (BDXL)'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abcd'White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Format: 3. File System Specifications for BD-RE, R, ROM, August 2004'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'R1 Format Specification'. Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ ab'Blu-ray: All Books: As of June 2010'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Jim Taylor; Mark R. Johnson; Charles G. Crawford (November 21, 2005). DVD Demystified: BD-MV. ISBN9780071423960. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
- ^ ab'White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Rewritable Format: Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-RE Version 3.0'(PDF). March 2008. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abVideohelp.com What is Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD?Archived 2006-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
- ^'White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, 2.B Audio Visual Application, Format Specifications, for BD-ROM Version 2.4, May 2010'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Application Definition, Blu-ray Disc Format, BD-J Baseline Application and Logical Model Definition for BD-ROM, March 2005'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Advanced Access Content System (AACS) Blu-ray Disc Recordable Book, Revision 0.951'(PDF). September 28, 2009. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ ab'White paper Blu-ray Disc Format – 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM'(PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. March 2005: 15. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2009Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^AfterDawn.com Glossary – BD-MV (Blu-ray Movie) and BDAV containerArchived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
- ^ abAfterDawn.com Glossary – BDAV containerArchived December 9, 2012, at Archive.today, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
- ^ abBlu-ray Disc Association (March 2008) BD-RE – Audiovisual Application Format Specification for BD-RE 2.1Archived 2009-07-30 at WebCite (PDF), Technical White Papers – BD REArchived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
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(help) - ^Statistics PageArchived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Blu-rayStats.com. Retrieved on December 22, 2010.
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|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'What is Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD?'. Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
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(help) - ^Foote, Bill; Moll, Erik. 'Java Technology Goes to the Movies: Java Technology in Next-Generation Optical Disc Formats'(PDF). 2005 JavaOne conference, Session TS-7091. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Shankland, Steven (June 26, 2005). 'Java to appear in next-gen DVD players'. CNET. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Lysvåg, Christian (May 29, 2008). 'Music on Blu-ray'. Music Information Centre Norway. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Fruhlinger, Joshua (May 28, 2008). 'First Blu-ray record, Divertimenti, released'. engadget. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Ault, Susanne (October 7, 2007). 'Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View'. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.Cite web requires
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(help) - ^Zyber, Joshua (November 23, 2007). 'High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained'. highdefdigest.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Bracke, Peter (October 28, 2008). 'Tinker Bell (Blu-ray)'. highdefdigest.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Zyber, Joshua (November 11, 2008). 'Hellboy II: The Golden Army (Blu-ray)'. highdefdigest.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Brown, Kenneth (November 9, 2008). 'Kung Fu Panda (Blu-ray)'. highdefdigest.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Sony BDP-BX1 player specifications'(PDF). August 5, 2009. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Moskovciak, Matthew (September 9, 2008). 'Blu-ray Profile 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 explained--Ask the Editors'. CNET. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Rothman, Wilson (October 24, 2007). 'Samsung's Already Awesome HD Disc Hybrid BD-UP5000 Upgraded to Profile 1.1 (Bye Bye Format Bitching)'. Gizmodo.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Profile 1.1Archived December 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, afterdawn.com, December 22, 2010.
- ^'Blu-ray Disc for Video'. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'How does regional coding work in the computer space?'Archived September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine us.blu-raydisc.com FAQ Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^'Latest Confirmed Region Free Blu-Rays'Archived October 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Warner'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^although titles released by Warner's New Line Cinema division were initially region-coded, but subsequently have been released without region-coding. Titles released by other labels on behalf of New Line are still subject to region-coding.
- ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Paramount'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Universal'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Sony'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Disney'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics MGM'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics Lionsgate'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'Blu-ray Disc Statistics 20th Century Fox'. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'Help - The Criterion Collection (20.)'. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help); Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Help - The Criterion Collection (11.)'. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^'First Region Free Blu-ray Players Available'Archived September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine engadgethd.com. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^'Region-Free 4k UHD Blu-ray Players: Fact or Fiction?'. 220 Electronics. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^ ab'Blu-ray Disc Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM'(PDF). Dell. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 31, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Ajima, Kosuke (March 29, 2006). 'Overview of BD-ROM security'(PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 7, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.Cite web requires
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(help) - ^Lee, Matt (March 24, 2006). 'Don't buy HD-DVD or Blu-ray disks'. FSF. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Northrup, Laura (September 6, 2013). 'Samsung's Disposable Blu-Ray Player Won't Play New Blu-Rays'. Consumerist. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Lang, Brent (April 29, 2010). ''Avatar' Blu-rays Have Some Buyers Seeing Red'. The Wrap. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Advanced Access Content System ('AACS') Adopter Agreement'(PDF). June 2009. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Response to Reports of Attacks on AACS Technology'. AACS. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
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(help) - ^Content Protection – BD+ and Blu-rayArchived November 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from cryptography.com
- ^US application 2010169663, 'Systems and Methods for Detecting Authorized Players', published July 1, 2010, assigned to CYBERLINK CORPORATION
- ^Murph, Darren (November 7, 2007). 'SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+'. engadget. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (March 19, 2008). 'SlySoft cracks Blu-ray BD+ encryption'. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'DumpHD – a HD-DVD / Blu-Ray Decrypter – Doom9's Forum'. doom9.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Seff, Jonathan (January 20, 2010). 'Blu-ray ripping on the Mac'. Macworld. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Gordon, Whitson (June 9, 2010). 'The Hassle-Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu-Ray Collection'. Lifehacker. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Advanced Access Content System (AACS) Blu-ray Disc Pre-recorded Book, Revision 0.912'(PDF). July 27, 2006. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 26, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2011Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'Pioneer BDP-HD1'. Retrieved February 23, 2007.Cite web requires
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(help) - ^'AVREC Format Specifications'. Archived from the original on March 17, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^Chabot, Jeff (December 17, 2009). '3D specifications finalized for Blu-ray, to hit market next year'. HD Report. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help) - ^'PS3 System Software Update (ver 3.50)'. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter
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(help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blu-ray Disc. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&oldid=914298185'
Developer(s) | ISO/ECMA/OSTA |
---|---|
Full name | Universal Disk Format |
Introduced | 1995; 24 years ago |
Partition identifier | Not assigned but suggested:[1] 0x07 (MBR) EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT) |
Limits | |
Max. volume size | 2 TiB (with 512 byte sectors), 8 TiB (with 2 KiB sectors, like most optical discs), 16 TiB (with 4 KiB sectors)[2][3] |
Max. file size | 16 EiB |
Max. filename length | 255 bytes (path 1023 bytes[4]) |
Allowed characters in filenames | Any 16bit UnicodeCode point excluding U+FEFF and U+FFFE |
Features | |
Dates recorded | creation, archive, modification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), access (atime) |
Date range | 1 January 1 – 31 December 9999 |
Date resolution | Microsecond |
Forks | Yes |
Attributes | Various |
File system permissions | POSIX |
Transparent compression | No |
Other | |
Supported operating systems | Various |
Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a profile of the specification known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167[5] and is an open vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660. Due to its design, it is very well suited to incremental updates on both recordable and (re)writable optical media. UDF is developed and maintained by the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA).
Normally, authoring software will master a UDF file system in a batch process and write it to optical media in a single pass. But when packet writing to rewritable media, such as CD-RW, UDF allows files to be created, deleted and changed on-disc just as a general-purpose filesystem would on removable media like floppy disks and flash drives. This is also possible on write-once media, such as CD-R, but in that case the space occupied by the deleted files cannot be reclaimed (and instead becomes inaccessible).
Multi-session mastering is also possible in UDF, though some implementations may be unable to read disks with multiple sessions.[6]
- 1History
- 2Specifications
History[edit]
Optical discs |
---|
|
|
|
The Optical Storage Technology Association standardized the UDF file system to form a common file system for all optical media: both for read-only media and for re-writable optical media. When first standardized, the UDF file system aimed to replace ISO 9660, allowing support for both read-only and writable media. After the release of the first version of UDF, the DVD Consortium adopted it as the official file system for DVD-Video and DVD-Audio.[7]
Revisions[edit]
Multiple revisions of UDF have been released:[7][8]
- Revision 1.00[9] (October 24, 1995). Original Release.
- Revision 1.01[9] (November 3, 1995). Added DVD Appendix and made a few minor changes.
- Revision 1.02[10] (August 30, 1996). This format is used by DVD-Video discs.
- Revision 1.50[11] (February 4, 1997). Added support for (virtual) rewritability on CD-R/DVD-R media by introducing the VAT structure. Added sparing tables for defect management on rewritable media such as CD-RW, and DVD-RW and DVD+RW.
- Revision 2.00[12] (April 3, 1998). Added support for Stream Files and real-time files (for DVD recording) and simplified directory management. VAT support was extended.
- Revision 2.01[13] (March 15, 2000) is mainly a bugfix release to UDF 2.00. Many of the UDF standard's ambiguities were resolved in version 2.01.
- Revision 2.50[14] (April 30, 2003). Added the Metadata Partition facilitating metadata clustering, easier crash recovery and optional duplication of file system information: All metadata like nodes and directory contents are written on a separate partition which can optionally be mirrored. This format is used by some versions of Blu-ray discs.
- Revision 2.60[15] (March 1, 2005). Added Pseudo OverWrite method for drives supporting pseudo overwrite capability on sequentially recordable media. Has read-only compatibility with UDF 2.50 implementations.:10 (Some Blu-ray discs use this format.)
UDF Revisions are internally encoded as binary-coded decimals; Revision 2.60, for example, is represented as 0x0260[15]:23. In addition to declaring its own revision, compatibility for each volume is defined by the minimum read and minimum write revisions, each signalling the requirements for these operations to be possible for every structure on this image. A 'maximum write' revision additionally records the highest UDF support level of all the implementations that has written to this image.[15]:34 For example, a UDF 2.01 volume that does not use Stream Files (introduced in UDF 2.00) but uses VAT (UDF 1.50) created by a UDF 2.60-capable implementation may have the revision declared as 0x0201, the minimum read revision set to 0x0150, the minimum write to 0x0150, and the maximum write to 0x0260.
Specifications[edit]
The UDF standard defines three file system variations, called 'builds'. These are:
- Plain (Random Read/Write Access). This is the original format supported in all UDF revisions
- Virtual Allocation Table a.k.a. VAT (Incremental Writing). Used specifically for writing to write-once media
- Spared (Limited Random Write Access). Used specifically for writing to rewritable media
Plain build[edit]
Udf2.5 Driver For Mac
Introduced in the first version of the standard, this format can be used on any type of disk that allows random read/write access, such as hard disks, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media. Metadata (up to v2.50) and file data is addressed more or less directly. In writing to such a disk in this format, any physical block on the disk may be chosen for allocation of new or updated files.
Since this is the basic format, practically any operating system or file system driver claiming support for UDF should be able to read this format.
VAT build[edit]
Write-once media such as DVD-R and CD-R have limitations when being written to, in that each physical block can only be written to once, and the writing must happen incrementally. Thus the plain build of UDF can only be written to CD-Rs by pre-mastering the data and then writing all data in one piece to the media, similar to the way an ISO 9660 file system gets written to CD media.
To enable a CD-R to be used virtually like a hard disk, whereby the user can add and modify files on a CD-R at will (so-called 'drive letter access' on Windows), OSTA added the VAT build to the UDF standard in its revision 1.5. The VAT is an additional structure on the disc that allows packet writing; that is, remapping physical blocks when files or other data on the disc are modified or deleted. For write-once media, the entire disc is virtualized, making the write-once nature transparent for the user; the disc can be treated the same way one would treat a rewritable disc.
The write-once nature of CD-R or DVD-R media means that when a file is deleted on the disc, the file's data still remains on the disc. It does not appear in the directory any more, but it still occupies the original space where it was stored. Eventually, after using this scheme for some time, the disc will be full, as free space cannot be recovered by deleting files. Special tools can be used to access the previous state of the disc (the state before the delete occurred), making recovery possible.
Not all drives fully implement version 1.5 or higher of the UDF, and some may therefore be unable to handle VAT builds.
Spared (RW) build[edit]
Rewriteable media such as DVD-RW and CD-RW have fewer limitations than DVD-R and CD-R media. Sectors can be rewritten at random (though in packets at a time). These media can be erased entirely at any time, making the disc blank again, ready for writing a new UDF or other file system (e.g., ISO 9660 or CD Audio) to it. However, sectors of -RW media may 'wear out' after a while, meaning that their data becomes unreliable, through having been rewritten too often (typically after a few hundred rewrites, with CD-RW).
The plain and VAT builds of the UDF format can be used on rewriteable media, with some limitations. If the plain build is used on a -RW media, file-system level modification of the data must not be allowed, as this would quickly wear out often-used sectors on the disc (such as those for directory and block allocation data), which would then go unnoticed and lead to data loss. To allow modification of files on the disc, rewriteable discs can be used like -R media using the VAT build. This ensures that all blocks get written only once (successively), ensuring that there are no blocks that get rewritten more often than others. This way, a RW disc can be erased and reused many times before it should become unreliable. However, it will eventually become unreliable with no easy way of detecting it. When using the VAT build, CD-RW/DVD-RW media effectively appears as CD-R or DVD+/-R media to the computer. However, the media may be erased again at any time.
The spared build was added in revision 1.5 to address the particularities of rewriteable media. This build adds an extra Sparing Table in order to manage the defects that will eventually occur on parts of the disc that have been rewritten too many times. This table keeps track of worn-out sectors and remaps them to working ones. UDF defect management does not apply to systems that already implement another form of defect management, such as Mount Rainier (MRW) for optical discs, or a disk controller for a hard drive.
Udf Driver
The tools and drives that do not fully support revision 1.5 of UDF will ignore the sparing table, which would lead them to read the outdated worn-out sectors, leading to retrieval of corrupted data.
Character set[edit]
The UDF specifications[7] allow only one Character Set OSTA CS0, which can store any UnicodeCode point excluding U+FEFF and U+FFFE. Additional character sets defined in ECMA-167 are not used.[5](7.2)
Since Errata DCN-5157, the range of code points was expanded to all code points from Unicode 4.0 (or any newer or older version), which includes Supplementary Multilingual Plane characters. DCN-5157 also recommends normalizing the strings to Normalization Form C.[16]
The OSTA CS0 character set stores a 16-bit Unicode string 'compressed' into 8-bit or 16-bit units, preceded by a single-byte 'compID' tag to indicate the compression type.[7](2.1.2, 6.4) The 8-bit storage is functionally equivalent to ISO-8859-1, and the 16-bit storage is UTF-16 in big endian. The reference algorithm neither checks for forbidden code points nor interprets surrogate pairs. Due to DCN-5157, the 'Unicode' string needs to be interpreted as UTF-16 to represent plane 1–16 code points such as Emoji.
Compatibility[edit]
Many DVD players do not support any UDF revision other than version 1.02. Discs created with a newer revision may still work in these players if the ISO 9660 bridge format is used. Even if an operating system claims to be able to read UDF 1.50, it still may only support the plain build and not necessarily either the VAT or Spared UDF builds.
Mac OS X 10.4.5 claims to support Revision 1.50 (see man mount_udf), yet it can only mount disks of the plain build properly and provides no virtualization support at all. It cannot mount UDF disks with VAT, as seen with the Sony Mavica issue.[17][18] Releases before 10.4.11 mount disks with Sparing Table but does not read its files correctly. Version 10.4.11 fixes this problem.[19][20]
Similarly, Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) cannot read DVD-RW discs that use the UDF 2.00 sparing tables as a defect management system.[21] This problem occurs if the UDF defect management system creates a sparing table that spans more than one sector on the DVD-RW disc. Windows XP SP2 can recognize that a DVD is using UDF, but Windows Explorer displays the contents of a DVD as an empty folder. A hotfix is available for this[22] and is included in Service Pack 3.[23]
Microsoft Udfs File System Driver
| |||||||||
UDF revision (read + write) | Non-plain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operating system | 1.02 | 1.50 | 2.0x | 2.50 | 2.60 | VAT | Sparing Tables | Note | |
AIX 5.2, 5.3, 6.1 | Yes | Yes | No | No | 1.5 is default[24] | ||||
AmigaOS 4.0 | Yes | Yes | |||||||
BeOS/magnussoft ZETA/Haiku | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
eComStation/OS/2 | Yes | Additional fee drivers on OS/2. | |||||||
FreeBSD 5.0 and new | read only | read only[25] | No | No | No | No | Yes | ||
Linux kernel 2.2 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ||
Linux kernel 2.4 | Yes | Yes | Yes[26] | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||
Linux kernel 2.6.0 - 2.6.25 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Kernel versions prior to 2.6.10 supported fewer media types. | |
Linux kernel 2.6.26 and newer | Yes | Yes | Yes | read only[27] | read only[15]:10 | Yes | Yes | Permission-related mounting options added in 2.6.30.[28] Auto-detection of UDF file system on hard disk is supported since version 2.6.30. Auto-detection of UDF file system on disk images was fixed in 4.11. | |
Mac OS 8.1 - 8.5 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | ||
Mac OS 8.6, Mac OS 9 | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | ||
Mac OS X 10.0 - 10.3 | Yes | Yes[29] | No[29] | No | No | No | No | ||
Mac OS X 10.4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[30][31] | No[32] | No | Yes[33] | Can create UDF 1.50 (plain build) volumes using the drutil utility. | |
Mac OS X 10.5 and newer | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[34][31] | read only[34][35] | Yes | Yes | To create, use newfs_udf utility. | |
NetBSD 4.0 | read only[36] | read only | read only | read only | read only | Yes | Yes | Reading multi-session VAT, spared and metapartition variants from all CD, DVD and BD variants as well as HDD and Flash media. | |
NetBSD 5.0 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Write support for all builds and media including multi-session VAT.[37] Create new with newfs_udf .Limited writing on 2.50/2.60 (due to needing pre-allocated, fixed sized metadata partition).[38] | |
NetWare 5.1 | |||||||||
NetWare 6 | |||||||||
OpenBSD 3.8 - 3.9 | read only[39] | No | No | No | No | No | No | ||
OpenBSD 4.0 - 4.6 | read only | read only[40] | No | No | No | Yes[40] | No | ||
OpenBSD 4.7 | read only | read only | read only | read only[41] | read only[41] | Yes | Yes | ||
Solaris 7 11/99+ | Yes | Yes | |||||||
Solaris 8/9/10 | Yes | Yes | |||||||
DOS, FreeDOS, Windows 3.11, Windows 95, Windows 95 OSR2+ and other DOS based OS | No[42] | No | No | No | No | No | No | No native support. Filesystems that have an ISO9660 backward compatibility structure can be read. | |
Windows 98, Windows Me | read only and only for CD/DVD optical disks[43][44][45][42] | No | No | No | No | No | No | Additional read/write support via third party utilities[46] | |
Windows 2000 | read only[45][47][48][49][42] | read only | No | No | No | No | No | Additional read/write support via third party utilities[46] | |
Windows XP/Server 2003 | read only[48][49][42] | read only | read only | No | No | Yes | Yes[50] | Additional read/write support via third party utilities[46] | |
Windows Vista/7/8/10 | Yes[51][52][49][42] | Yes | Yes | Yes | read only[51][52][49][42] | Yes | Yes | Referred to by Microsoft as Live File System. | |
Operating system | 1.02 | 1.50 | 2.0x | 2.50 | 2.60 | VAT | Sparing Tables | Note | |
UDF revision (read + write) | Non-plain |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Serverfault answer for: What is the partition id / filesystem type for UDF?'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^232 × block size
- ^'Wenguang's Introduction to Universal Disk Format (UDF)'. Google Sites. 1 February 2009. Section 5.1 Highlight of the UDF Format. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ^This restriction might be lifted in newer versions.
- ^ abECMA-167 - Volume and File Structure for Write-Once and Rewritable Media using Non-Sequential Recording for Information Interchange
- ^Multi-session mastering has always been part of the UDF specification. See [UDF 2.01/6.10.1], though earlier documents were not very clear that the anchor offsets are specified to be from the last session.
- ^ abcdOSTA - UDF Specifications
- ^Wenguang's Introduction to Universal Disk Format (UDF)
- ^ abMentioned only in history of Revision 1.02
- ^OSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 1.02
- ^OSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 1.50
- ^OSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 2.00
- ^OSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 2.01
- ^OSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 2.50
- ^ abcdOSTA Universal Disk Format Specification Revision 2.60
- ^'UDF 2.60 approved errata'(PDF). Retrieved 22 April 2018.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'Sony Mavica UDF Compatibility Issue'. Apple. 19 February 2012. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'Mac OS X UDF Compatibility Issues'. Free(code):. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2014.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ^'Intel Update'. Apple. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'PowerPC Update'. Apple. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^'Microsoft Windows UDF Read Troubleshooting'. microsoft.com.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'Windows XP UDF hotfix'. microsoft.com.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'MS Windows and UDF optical discs'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'Welcome to the AIX 6.1 Information Center'. IBM. Retrieved 25 September 2010.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE Release Notes'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^Linux version 2.3.17 - 2.4.5 supports only UDF revision up to 2.00, Linux version 2.4.6 and newer supports also UDF revision 2.01
- ^'Linux 3.13: fs/udf/udf_sb.h'. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2014-01-29.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'Linux 2.6.30 Changelog'. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2015-09-13.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^ ab'mount_udf manpage for Mac OS X 10.3'.
UDF 1.50 is supported. UDF 2.0 and later is not.
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Support via third party utility Toast 9+ HD Plugin
- ^ ab'Disc Recording Release Notes for OS X v10.5'.
This release note describes changes to the Disc Recording frameworks from OS X version 10.4. The Disc Recording content creation engine now supports writing UDF 2.0 discs in addition to UDF 1.02 and 1.5.
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^Support via third party utility Toast 9+
- ^Since version 10.4.11
- ^ ab'mount_udf manpage for Mac OS X 10.5'.
Reading of all UDF revisions (1.02 - 2.60) on both block device (e.g. hard drives and USB drives) and most optical media is supported. Writing to block devices, DVD-RW and DVD+RW is supported with the following exceptions: (1) Cannot write Finder Info, Resource Fork, or other extended attributes in UDF volumes of revision 1.02 and 1.50; (2) Cannot write to mirrored metadata partition.
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Mac Technology Overview - Kernel and Device Drivers Layer'.
OS X supports reading UDF revisions 1.02 through 2.60 on both block devices and most optical media, and it supports writing to block devices and to DVD-RW and DVD+RW media using UDF 2.00 through 2.50 (except for mirrored metadata partitions in 2.50).
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'Announcing NetBSD 4.0'.
Added UDF support for optical media and block devices, see mount_udf(8). Read-only for now.
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^'NetBsd 5 release notes'. NetBSD.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'NetBSD System Manager's Manual'. Retrieved 25 September 2010.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^'OpenBSD 3.8'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^ ab'OpenBSD 4.0'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^ ab'The OpenBSD 4.7 Release'. OpenBSD. Retrieved 25 September 2010.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) - ^ abcdef'[MS-FSCC]: File System Control Codes: 6 Appendix B: Product Behavior'.Cite web requires
|website=
(help) Windows UDF File System Support table - ^Microsoft Corporation (January 1998). 'Chapter 10 - Disks and File Systems'. Microsoft Windows 98 Resource Kit. Microsoft Press. p. 442. ISBN978-1-57231-644-7. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Windows 98 has a new read-only Universal Disk Format (UDF) system, which supports reading media formatted according to UDF specification 1.02.
- ^Microsoft Corporation (January 1998). 'Chapter 28 - Windows 98 Architecture'. Microsoft Windows 98 Resource Kit. Microsoft Press. p. 1316. ISBN978-1-57231-644-7. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
The 32-bit, protected-mode UDF file system in Windows 98 is implemented according to Revision 1.02 of Universal Disk Format Specification by Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA). It provides read-only access to UDF-formatted media, such as DVD discs. The UDF file system uses VCACHE and is dynamic, requiring no configuration or static allocation on the part of the user.
- ^ abMatt Pietrek (November 1997). 'A Programmer's Perspective on New System DLL Features in Windows NT 5.0, Part I'. Microsoft Systems Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Windows NT 5.0 also adds UDF (Universal Disk Format). ... The UDF implementations shipping in both Windows 98 (UDF 1.02) and Windows NT 5.0 (UDF 1.50) are read-only.
Cite web requires|website=
(help) - ^ abcRead and write support for other UDF versions on optical disks available with third party utilities such as DLA, InCD or Toshiba/Panasonic/Matsushita UDF 2.5 driver. Read and write support for removable disks and hard disks available with third party utilities such as SAI's WriteUDF!.
- ^Russinovich, M. E.; Solomon, D. A. (2000). 'Chapter 12 - File Systems'. Inside Microsoft Windows 2000 (Third ed.). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. ISBN978-0-7356-1021-7.
The Windows 2000 UDF file system implementation is ISO 13346-compliant and supports UDF versions 1.02 and 1.5. ... the Windows 2000 UDF driver (Udfs.sys) provides read-only support.
- ^ abRussinovich, M. E.; Solomon, D. A. (2005). 'Chapter 12 - File Systems'. Microsoft Windows Internals, Fourth Edition: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000 (Fourth ed.). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 691. ISBN0-7356-1917-4.
The UDF driver supports UDF versions 1.02, version 1.5 on Windows 2000, and versions 2.0 and 2.01 on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. ... the Windows UDF driver (Udfs.sys) provides read-only support. Windows does not implement support for other UDF features, including named streams, access control lists, or extended attributes.
- ^ abcdWinHEC 2004 Version (May 5, 2004). '2.3 About the UDF File System'. Local File Systems for Windows(doc) (Report). Microsoft Corporation. pp. 6–8.
- ^Service Pack 3 required
- ^ abRussinovich, M. E.; Solomon, D. A.; Ionescu, A. (2009). 'Chapter 12 - File Systems'. Windows Internals, 5th Edition: Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 (5th ed.). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 981. ISBN978-0-7356-3796-2.
The UDF driver supports UDF versions up to 2.60. The Windows UDF driver (Udfs.sys) provides read-write support ... when using UDF 2.50 and read-only support when using UDF 2.60. However, Windows does not implement support for certain UDF features such as named streams and access control lists.
- ^ abRussinovich, M. E.; Solomon, D. A.; Ionescu, A. (2012). 'Chapter 12 - File Systems'. Windows Internals, Part 2, 6th Edition: Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 (6th ed.). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. p. 393. ISBN978-0-7356-6587-3.
The UDF driver supports UDF versions up to 2.60. The Windows UDF driver (Udfs.sys) provides read-write support ... when using UDF 2.50 and read-only support when using UDF 2.60. However, Windows does not implement support for certain UDF features such as named streams and access control lists.
Further reading[edit]
- ISO/IEC 13346 standard, also known as ECMA-167.
External links[edit]
Hp Laserjet 5 Driver For Mac
- UDF Revision 2.60 March 1, 2005
Udf Driver Windows 10
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